Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol / Inter-relação entre variáveis relacionadas à velocidade do arremesso no beisebol / Interrelation between variables related to the speed of pitching in Baseball

RESUMEN En el béisbol, los estudios realizados en relación con las conexiones de las capacidades motoras, la estructura de la forma física y la interrelación de variables que influyen en la velocidad del lanzamiento son limitados. Ante la interrogante de cómo y cuánto influyen las diferentes capacidades motoras y sus manifestaciones en la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol, se definió como objetivo de la investigación: comparar el nivel de interrelación de varias variables físicas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en una muestra de jugadores y una de no jugadores de béisbol. Se utilizó la medición como método empírico para la aplicación de las pruebas de velocidad 50 metros, con arrancada alta, salto de longitud sin carrera de impulso, impulsión de la bala, elevaciones del tronco en el suelo y velocidad del lanzamiento. La muestra tuvo un total de 36 sujetos, divididos en dos grupos, A y B, con 18 miembros cada uno. Se aplicaron los coeficientes de Pearson y de Determinación para establecer el nivel de interrelación estadística entre las variables. En el grupo A, concerniente a la muestra de jugadores, se obtuvieron correlaciones fuertes y medias en dos casos respectivamente, reportando niveles significativos de interdependencia. Sin embargo, en el grupo B, donde se ubicaban los no practicantes, en ningún caso se visualizó interrelación significativa de las variables con la velocidad del lanzamiento. La práctica sistemática de ejercicios físicos de forma planificada demostró tener importancia en la estructura que adoptan las capacidades y cómo influyen mutuamente.

RESUMO No beisebol, os estudos realizados em relação às conexões das capacidades motoras, a estrutura da forma física e a inter-relação das variáveis que influenciam a velocidade de arremesso são limitados. Diante da questão de como e quanto as diferentes capacidades motoras e suas manifestações influenciam a velocidade de arremesso no beisebol, o objetivo da pesquisa foi definido como: comparar o nível de inter-relação de várias variáveis físicas com a velocidade de arremesso em uma amostra de jogadores de beisebol e uma amostra de jogadores que não jogam beisebol. A medição foi utilizada como um método empírico para a aplicação dos testes de velocidade 50 metros, com partida em altura, salto em comprimento sem impulso de corrida, tiro de impulso colocado, elevação do tronco no chão e velocidade de arremesso. A amostra tinha um total de 36 sujeitos, divididos em dois grupos, A e B, com 18 membros cada um. Os coeficientes de Pearson e os coeficientes de determinação foram aplicados para estabelecer o nível de inter-relação estatística entre as variáveis. No grupo A, relativo à amostra de jogadores, foram obtidas correlações fortes e médias em dois casos, respectivamente, relatando níveis significativos de interdependência. Entretanto, no grupo B, onde os não-jogadores estavam localizados, em nenhum caso foi visualizada uma inter-relação significativa das variáveis com a velocidade de arremesso. A prática sistemática de exercícios físicos de forma planejada provou ser importante na estrutura que as capacidades adotam e como elas influenciam umas às outras.

ABSTRACT In Baseball, the studies carried out concerning the types of motor capacity connections, the structure of the sporting fitness, and the interrelation of variables that have influence on the speed of pitching are limited. Facing with the question of how and how much the different motor capacities and their manifestations influence the pitching speed in Baseball, the research objective was defined: to compare the level of interrelation among some physical variables and the speed of pitching in a sample of players and a sample of non-players. Measurement was used as an empirical method for the application of the tests of 50 meters speed with a high start, long jump without a run of impulse, shot puts, Sit-ups, and the Pitching Speed. The sample has 36 subjects, divided in two groups, A and B with 18 members each. Pearson and Determination coefficients were applied to establish the level of statistical interrelation between the variables. In group A, concerning the sample of players, strong and medium correlations were obtained in two cases respectively, reporting significant levels of interdependence. However, in group B, where non-practitioners were located, there was not a significant interrelation of the variables with the speed of pitching. The systematic practice of physical exercises in a planned way seems to have importance in the structure that the capacities adopt and on the influence that they have on each other.

A feasibility study of the incidence and symptoms of the throwing yips in college baseball players / 体力科学

The yips represent a disorder that makes it challenging for an individual to perform automatic and coordinated movements in sports activities. The cause of the yips is not sufficiently clarified, and limited information is available regarding throwing yips in baseball. Therefore, this study was designed to clarify the incidence and characteristics of the throwing yips among college baseball players. Total 107 players of the college baseball team participated in the study and completed the questionnaire by answering questions about their experience of the yips (loss of control to throw the ball accurately for more than 1 month), the symptom intensity, and changes observed in the symptoms in different situations. The 47.1% of players met the definition of throwing yips. The symptoms of the yips were more pronounced with short-distances and low intensity of throwing. Moreover, there were various subjective symptoms, such as the issue about co-contraction of the upper limb, sensory function, body ownership, and movement planning. Various physical symptoms associated with throwing yips suggest that the yips are not only a disorder of motor skills, but result from movement disorders. The present results show that the occurrence of the yips depends on the throwing condition; this finding provides useful insights into the mechanism and the treatment of the yips. Interdisciplinary studies that aim to elucidate the cause of the yips and develop effective intervention are necessary.

Introducción al estudio de variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol / Introdução ao estudo das variáveis relacionadas com a velocidade do pitching no beisebol / Introduction to the study of variables related to the speed of pitching in baseball

Resumen Varias son las variables que se consideran importantes para lograr un aumento en la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol. Pero los entrenadores desconocen el nivel de la influencia de dichas variables. El objetivo de la investigación es establecer el nivel de interrelación entre las principales variables físicas, controladas en el proceso de preparación deportiva en el béisbol y la velocidad del lanzamiento en una muestra de no jugadores. Se utilizó un muestreo intencional para seleccionar 34 estudiantes de 3ro. y 4to. años de la licenciatura en Cultura Física en la Universidad de Matanzas. Se realizaron pruebas para medir los niveles de fuerza explosiva de varios planos musculares. Se aplicaron los coeficientes de Pearson y de determinación para establecer el nivel de interrelación estadística entre las variables. Se obtuvo que las siete variables analizadas muestran una correlación estadística que va desde débil, muy débil, incluso inexistente; por tanto, se rechaza la hipótesis de investigación.

Resumo Existem várias variáveis que são consideradas importantes para conseguir um aumento na velocidade de lançamento no beisebol. Mas os treinadores não sabem o nível de influência destas variáveis. O objetivo da pesquisa é estabelecer o nível de inter-relação entre as principais variáveis físicas controladas no processo de preparação esportiva no beisebol e a velocidade de arremesso em uma amostra de não-jogadores. Uma amostragem intencional foi utilizada para selecionar 34 alunos do 3º e 4º ano do curso de Cultura Física da Universidade de Matanzas. Foram realizados testes para medir os níveis de força explosiva de vários planos musculares. Os coeficientes de Pearson e determinação foram aplicados para estabelecer o nível de inter-relação estatística entre as variáveis. Obteve-se que as sete variáveis analisadas mostram uma correlação estatística que vai desde fraca, até muito fraca, mesmo inexistente. As sete variáveis analisadas mostram uma correlação estatística que vai desde fraca, muito fraca, até inexistente; portanto, a hipótese de pesquisa é rejeitada.

Abstract There are several variables that are considered important to achieve an increase in the speed of pitching in baseball. But coaches do not know the level of influence of these variables. The objective of the research is to establish the level of interrelationship between the main physical variables controlled in the process of sports preparation in baseball and the speed of pitching in a sample of non-players. An intentional sampling was used to select 34 students of 3rd and 4th year of the degree in Physical Culture at the University of Matanzas. Tests were conducted to measure the levels of explosive force from various muscle planes. Pearson's and determination coefficients were applied to establish the level of statistical interrelation between the variables. It was obtained that the seven variables analyzed show a statistical correlation that goes from weak, to very weak, even nonexistent, therefore, the research hypothesis is rejected.

Is Hyperabduction Arm Position in Early Cocking Phase Really Dangerous for Baseball Pitchers? / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: Certain pitching mechanics is thought to lead pitchers in danger of surgical risk and decrease performance. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of shoulder hyperabduction position during early cocking phase in association with surgical risk and performance in professional baseball players.METHODS: From 2009 to 2013, total of 93 candidates reached minimum inning qualification. After exclusion criteria (overlapped players, foreign players, age over 31 years, proceed to other league and retirement), 19 players were analyzed with slow-motion pitching video for hyperabduction of the shoulder and hyperpronation of forearm in cocking-phase. Also players were analyzed with innings pitched, earned run average (ERA), walks and hits divided by innings pitched (WHIP) and surgical history with database offered by official Korean Baseball Organization website.RESULTS: Out of total 19 players, nine players had hyperabduction arm movement and 10 players did not. Group with hyperabduction had average age of 24.3 years old, average inning/ERA/WHIP for 5 years were 55 innings/yr, 6.52 ERA/yr and 1.33 WHIP/yr, respectively, and seven players (77%) had surgeries eventually. Group without hyperabduction arm movement had average age of 25.4 years old; average inning, ERA/WHIP for 5 years were 127 1/3 innings/yr, 4.84 ERA/yr, and 1.32 WHIP/yr, respectively and five players (50%) went for surgeries. Player performance (ERA, p=0.66; WHIP, p=0.14) was not statistically influenced by the certain arm position at cocking phase but average inning pitched was statistically affected (p<0.01).CONCLUSION: Hyperabduction of shoulder in early cocking phase of throwing motion does not lead to decrease in performance (ERA, WHIP) but will result in tremendous decline of average IP. Also, risk of surgery is not associated to hyperabduction motion of the shoulder.

Physiological changes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during serial re-pitching: a review / 生物工程学报

The morphological structure and physiological indexes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have changed during serial re-pitching due to the stress conditions in serial handlings and the cells become aging. It is of great significance to study the physiological changes of S. cerevisiae during serial re-pitching to understand the anti-aging effect of S. cerevisiae. In this paper, the changes of the physiological indexes during re-pitching of yeast are summarized, and based on the analysis of the previous works further research directions are proposed.

Reconstrucción del ligamento colateral ulnar en atletas de béisbol mediante la técnica híbrido DANE TJ / Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in baseball athletes by DANE TJ hybrid technique / Réparation du ligament collatéral ulnaire par la technique hybride DANE TJ chez les joueurs de baseball

INTRODUCCIÓN: la lesión del ligamento colateral medial del codo es una de las lesiones más frecuentes e incapacitantes en los atletas de béisbol. En muchos pacientes se requiere de una reconstrucción de esta estructura para lo cual se han descrito varias técnicas. OBJETIVO: evaluar los resultados de la técnica híbrido DANE TJ para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia del ligamento colateral ulnar en nuestros pacientes. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio en 12 jugadores de béisbol de alto rendimiento con diagnóstico de lesión del ligamento colateral medial, que no resolvieron con tratamiento conservador, por lo que se les aplicó tratamiento quirúrgico mediante la técnica híbrido DANE TJ. RESULTADOS: la mayoría de los atletas son lanzadores (75 %). En 9 de los 12 pacientes (75 %) existía algún grado de choque postero-medial. La neuritis del cubital estaba presente en el 58,3 % de los pacientes en los cuales se realizó transposición subcutánea anterior del nervio cubital. En 2 pacientes (16,7 %) se presentó un cuadro de parestesias transitorias del nervio cubital que se resolvió con tratamiento conservador. La puntuación promedio de la intensidad del dolor preoperatorio según la Escala Visual Analógica era de 8,1 puntos y se redujo a 1,4 después de un año de la intervención. El resultado fue excelente o bueno en el 83,3 % de los pacientes los cuales se incorporaron a sus actividades deportivas. CONCLUSIONES: la técnica híbrido que combina la fijación del injerto al húmero mediante la técnica Docking con la fijación al cúbito mediante tornillo interferencial, es de fácil ejecución, produce un mínimo daño a los tejidos blandos, y permite lograr un resultado similar al resto de los estudios revisados.

INTRODUCTION: the medial collateral ligament injury of the elbow joint is one of the most common and disabling injuries in baseball athletes. In many patients, a reconstruction of this structure is requires for which several techniques have been described. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the results of DANE TJ hybrid technique for treating ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency in our patients. METHODS: a study was conducted in 12 high-performance baseball players who were diagnosed to suffer medial collateral ligament injury. They did not heel with conservative treatment, so surgical treatment was applied by DANE TJ hybrid technique. RESULTS: most athletes are pitchers (75 %). 9 out of 12 patients (75 %) had some degree of posteromedial shock. Ulnar neuritis was present in 58.3 % of patients in whom anterior subcutaneous transposition of the ulnar nerve was performed. Transient ulnar nerve paresthesia occurred in 2 patients (16.7 %), which were remedied with conservative treatment. The average intensity of preoperative pain score according to the Visual Analogue Scale was 8.1 points and dropped to 1.4 after one year of intervention. The result was excellent or good in 83.3 % of patients who returned to their sports activities. CONCLUSIONS: the hybrid technique that combines the humerus graft fixation by Docking technique fixing the ulna using interferential screw is easily accomplished, minimal damage to soft tissue is caused, and similar results are achieved in comparison to the other studies reviewed.

INTRODUCTION: la lésion du ligament collatéral médial du coude est l'une des lésions les plus fréquentes et invalidantes chez les joueurs de baseball. Dans plusieurs cas, une réparation de cette structure s'avère nécessaire, c'est pourquoi plusieurs techniques opératoires ont été décrites. OBJECTIF: le but de cette étude est d'évaluer les résultats de la technique hybride DANE TJ dans le traitement de cette atteinte du ligament collatéral ulnaire chez nos patients. MÉTHODES: une étude de 12 joueurs de baseball de haut niveau, diagnostiqués d'une lésion du ligament collatéral médial, est réalisée. N'ayant pas répondu au traitement conservateur, on a décidé de leur traiter chirurgicalement par la technique hybride DANE TJ. RÉSULTATS: Neuf sur douze de ces joueurs, dont la plupart sont des lanceurs (75 %), souffraient un certain grade de choc postéro-médial. On a trouvé une névrite cubitale dans 53.3 % des patients ayant donc subi une transposition antérieure sous-cutanée du nerf cubital. Le score moyen de l'intensité de la douleur préopératoire, selon l'Échelle visuelle analogique, était 8.1 points, et a diminué 1.4 points un an après l'opération. Les résultats ont été excellents ou bons dans 83.3 % des patients qui sont donc rentrés aux activités sportives. CONCLUSIONS: la technique hybride combinant la fixation du greffon à l'humérus par la technique Docking et la fixation au cubitus par vis d'interférence est facile à réaliser; elle cause un dommage insignifiant aux tissus mous, et permet d'obtenir un résultat similaire au reste des études révisées.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del síndrome de sobrecarga en valgo y extensión en atletas / Traitement chirurgical du syndrome de surcharge en valgus et en extension chez les athlètes / Surgical treatment of valgus extension overload syndrome in athletes

Introducción: la sobrecarga en valgo y extensión (choque posteromedial) es una lesión que se presenta con cierta frecuencia en atletas de lanzamiento, que en ocasiones puede requerir de cirugía para que el atleta pueda seguir compitiendo. Objetivos: realizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de sobrecarga en valgo y extensión en atletas, hacer diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado. Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo de intervención que incluyó a deportistas de alto rendimiento operados por síndrome de sobrecarga en valgo y extensión. La muestra estuvo formada por 8 pacientes, todos masculinos, edad media 26 años (rango entre 22 y 29), deportes que practicaban: 6 béisbol (5 lanzadores y uno jardinero), un paciente de pesas y otro de jabalina. El tiempo de seguimiento mínimo fue de 6 meses y máximo de 4 años y una media de 2.3 años. Resultados: fueron operados ocho pacientes, de ellos cuatro presentaban neuropatía por compresión del nervio cubital a nivel del codo, a cuatro se les realizó además transferencia del nervio cubital, dos subcutáneo y en dos se le realizó una polea con fascia flexora pronadora. Las complicaciones que se presentaron fueron: recidiva del dolor por insuficiencia del ligamento colateral medial (1/8) pacientes. Los resultados funcionales según escala de Conway fueron excelentes (5/8), bueno (2/8) y pobre (1/8). Conclusiones: el estrés repetido, la insuficiencia de los flexores pronadores y del ligamento colateral medial son las causas desencadenantes del síndrome de sobrecarga en valgo y extensión. La cirugía favorece el retorno a la actividad deportiva en la mayoría de los atletas(AU)

Introduction: valgus extension overload (posteromedial shock) is a type of injure that is relatively frequent in throwing athletes and may require surgical procedures to be performed so that the athlete can keep on competing. Objective: To early diagnose and adequately treat the valgus extension overload syndrome in athletes. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal and intervention study was conducted in high performance athletes operated on for valgus extension overload syndrome. The sample was made up of 8 male athletes aged 26 years as average (range of 22 to 29 years), who practiced baseball (five pitchers and one outfielder), weightlifting (one) and javelin throw (one). The minimal follow-up was 6 months and the maximum was 4 years, for a mean of 2.3 years. Results: eight patients were operated on, four of them presented with neuropathy from compressed cubital nerve at the elbow; four underwent transfer of their cubital nerve, two subcutaneous and two with a pulley with flexor pronator fascia. The most observed complication was pain relapse due to medial collateral ligament insufficiency in one patient. The functional results according to Conway's scale were excellent in 5 patients, good in two and unsatisfactory in just one patient. Conclusions: repeated stress, insufficiency in flexor pronators and in the medial collateral ligament were the causes that unleash the valgus extension overload syndrome. The surgical procedure helps most of the athletes to come back to their normal sports activity(AU)

Introduction: la surcharge en valgus et en extension (choc postéro-médial) est une lésion assez fréquente chez les sportifs de lancers exigeant parfois un traitement chirurgical pour qu'ils puissent retourner aux compétitions. Objectifs: cette étude a été visée à déterminer un diagnostic précoce et un traitement approprié du syndrome de surcharge en valgus et en extension chez des athlètes. Méthodes: une étude longitudinale prospective interventionnelle comprenant des sportifs de haut niveau, traités chirurgicalement pour syndrome de surcharge en valgus et en extension, a été effectuée. L'échantillon est composé de 8 patients, tous du sexe masculin, âge moyen de 26 ans (22-29 ans), pratiquant baseball (5 lanceurs et 1 joueur de champ), haltérophilie (1), et lancer du javelot (1), avec un suivi de 6 mois au minimum et 4 ans au maximum, et une médiane de 2.3 ans. Résultats: sur 8 patients opérés, quatre étaient atteints d'une neuropathie par pincement du nerf cubital au niveau du coude, quatre ont subi une chirurgie de transfert du nerf cubital, 2 sous-cutanés, et 2 ont subi la reconstruction de poulie par plastie autologue de fascia des fléchisseurs-pronateurs. Dans un seul cas, une complication est survenue: douleur récidivante due à un trouble du ligament collatéral médial. Selon l'échelle de Conway, les résultats sont excellents (5 patients), bons (2 patients) et faibles (1 patient). Conclusions: on conclut que le stress persistant et les troubles des fléchisseurs pronateurs et du ligament collatéral médial entraînent un syndrome de surcharge en valgus et en extension, et c'est le traitement chirurgical qui permet le retour de la plupart des athlètes affectés à la pratique de leur sport respectif(AU)

THE CHANGES ON MECHANICAL WORK OF THE LOWER LIMB JOINTS DURING BASEBALL PITCHING IN A SIMULATED GAME / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes on mechanical work of the lower limb joints during baseball pitching in a simulated game. One male college baseball pitcher threw 15 pitches in an inning for 9 innings (135 pitches) in an indoor pitcher's mound with two force platforms. Rest time between innings was 6 minutes. Three-dimensional positions of 47 reflective markers attached to subject were tracked by an optical motion capture system (Vicon Motion System 612, Vicon Motion Systems) with eight cameras (250Hz). For subject 75 fastball pitches (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th innings) were chosen for analysis.As the main results, the hip joint extension absolute and negative work of the stride leg decreased with increasing the number of pitches. The ankle joint extension absolute and negative work of the stride leg increased with increasing the number of pitches. These results suggest that the hip joint extension torque of the stride leg was needed to maintain for higher performance in baseball pitching.